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Modeling of coal swelling induced by water vapor adsorption

Zhejun PAN

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 94-103 doi: 10.1007/s11705-011-1172-2

摘要： Gas adsorption-induced coal swelling is a well-know phenomenon. Coal swelling or shrinkage by adsorption or desorption of water vapor has not been well understood but has significant implications on gas drainage process for underground coal mining and for primary and enhanced coalbed methane production. Decreased matrix moisture content leads to coal shrinkage and thus the change of cleat porosity and permeability under reservoir conditions. Unlike gas adsorption in coal which usually forms a single layer of adsorbed molecules, water vapor adsorption in the coal micropores forms multilayer of adsorbed molecules. In this work, a model has been developed to describe the coal swelling strain with respect to the amount of moisture intake by the coal matrix. The model extended an energy balance approach for gas adsorption-induced coal swelling to water vapor adsorption-induced coal swelling, assuming that only the first layer of adsorbed molecules of the multilayer adsorption changes the surface energy, which thus causes coal to swell. The model is applied to describe the experimental swelling strain data measured on an Australian coal. The results show good agreement between the model and the experimental data.

关键词： multilayer adsorption vapour pressure coal shrinkage relative humidity permeability

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Thermodynamic study on dynamic water and organic vapor sorption on amorphous valnemulin hydrochloride

Jinbo OUYANG, Jingkang WANG, Yongli WANG, Qiuxiang YIN, Hongxun HAO

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 94-104 doi: 10.1007/s11705-015-1460-3

摘要： The sorption of water and organic vapors on valnemulin hydrochloride was determined by dynamic vapor sorption at 25 °C. The adsorption-desorption behavior of water vapor and a series of organic vapors was investigated to probe the structural changes in valnemulin hydrochloride before and after sorption. The isothermal adsorption equilibrium data was evaluated using Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer (GAB) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) models. The BET model is applicable only at low relative pressures (0.1≤RP≤0.4) while the GAB model is applicable in the whole range of RPs (0.1≤RP≤0.9). The sorption kinetics at high RPs was determined by fitting the sorption data to the Avrami equation and the sorption content time relationship could be predicted by the Avrami equation. Finally, the possible sorption mechanism of valnemulin hydrochloride was also discussed.

关键词： valnemulin hydrochloride water vapor organic vapors sorption kinetics

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Ozone kinetics of dimethyl sulfide in the presence of water vapor

Haitao WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第6期页码 833-835 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0570-8

摘要： The outdoor smog chamber was used to thorough investigate the rate constants of gas-phase reaction between dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and ozone (O ) under conditions of relative humidity 55.0%–67.8% at (296±2)K for the first time. The rate constants were measured, at a total pressure of 1 atm, to be (10.4±0.2) × 10 cm ·molecule ·s at relative humidity of 67.5%±0.3% at 298K, (10.1±0.1) × 10 cm ·molecule ·s at relative humidity of 66.5%±0.5% at 296K, (7.75±0.39) × 10 cm ·molecule ·s at relative humidity of 64.8%±0.1% at 294K and (3.42±0.21) × 10 cm ·molecule ·s at relative humidity of 55.8%±0.8% at 295K. Base on these results, it is possible to see the reaction of O /DMS in the presence of water vapor as an important sink for DMS in the earth atmosphere.

关键词： rate constants ozone (O₃) dimethyl sulfide (DMS) water vapor

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Heat transfer characteristics of high heat flux vapor chamber

Dongchuan MO, Shushen LU, Haoliang ZHENG, Chite CHIN,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第2期页码 166-170 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0076-z

摘要： To meet the challenge of heat spreading in electronic products, highly efficient high heat flux heat transfer vapor chambers have been manufactured and their heat transfer characteristics have been studied by a fast test system. A solid copper block with the same shape as the vapor chamber is used to compare the performance of the vapor chamber. The result shows that, it will take about 5min to achieve a steady state in the fast test system. The heat transfer characteristics of the vapor chamber are more superior to those of the copper block. In this paper, total thermal resistance of the test system is used to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics of the vapor chamber, because it has already been used to consider both the spreading thermal resistance and the flatness of the vapor chamber.

关键词： high heat flux vapor chamber (VC) heat transfer characteristics fast test

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New refrigeration system using CO vapor-solid as refrigerant

HUANG Dongping, DING Guoliang, QUACK Hans

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 494-498 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0070-x

摘要： A refrigerant must be in the vapor-liquid phase in a vapor-compression refrigeration system, therefore, CO cannot be used as a refrigerant for temperatures lower than -56°C because solid CO will form under the triple point temperature of -56°C. A refrigeration system with CO vapor-solid particles as refrigerant is put forward, by which a temperature lower than the triple point is achieved. An adjustable nozzle, a sublimator, a high-pressure regulating valve and a low-pressure regulating valve are used to replace the conventional evaporator. Theoretical cycle analysis of the refrigeration system shows that its COP can be 50% higher than that of the conventional one.

关键词： refrigerant adjustable temperature vapor-compression refrigeration sublimator

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of carbon nanotubes in a continuous inclined mobile-bed rotating reactor via the catalytic chemical vapor

Sophie L. Pirard, Sigrid Douven, Jean-Paul Pirard

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 280-289 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1635-1

摘要： This article reports the different steps of the design, development and validation of a process for continuous production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via catalytic chemical vapor deposition from the laboratory scale to the industrial production. This process is based on a continuous inclined mobile-bed rotating reactor and very active catalysts using methane or ethylene as carbon source. The importance of modeling taking into account the hydrodynamic, physicochemical and physical phenomena that occur during CNT production in the process analysis is emphasized. The impact of this invention on the environment and human health is taken into consideration too.

关键词： carbon nanotubes catalytic chemical vapor deposition inclined rotating reactor industrial process scaling-up

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Shock wave of vapor-liquid two-phase flow

ZHAO Liangju, GAO Hong, TANG Jingwen, YUAN Yuexiang, WANG Fei

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第3期页码 344-347 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0065-7

摘要： The shock wave of vapor-liquid two-phase flow in a pressure-gain steam injector is studied by building a mathematic model and making calculations. The results show that after the shock, the vapor is nearly completely condensed. The upstream Mach number and the volume ratio of vapor have a great effect on the shock. The pressure and Mach number of two-phase shock conform to the shock of ideal gas. The analysis of available energy shows that the shock is an irreversible process with entropy increase.

关键词： available mathematic conform vapor-liquid two-phase analysis

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Recovery of free volume in PIM-1 membranes through alcohol vapor treatment

Faiz Almansour, Monica Alberto, Rupesh S. Bhavsar, Xiaolei Fan, Peter M. Budd, Patricia Gorgojo

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 872-881 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-2001-2

摘要： Physical aging is currently a major obstacle for the commercialization of PIM-1 membranes for gas separation applications. A well-known approach to reversing physical aging effects of PIM-1 membranes at laboratory scale is soaking them in lower alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol. However, this procedure does not seem applicable at industrial level, and other strategies must be investigated. In this work, a regeneration method with alcohol vapors (ethanol or methanol) was developed to recover permeability of aged PIM-1 membranes, in comparison with the conventional soaking-in-liquid approach. The gas permeability and separation performance, before and post the regeneration methods, were assessed using a binary mixture of CO and CH (1:1, v:v). Our results show that an 8-hour methanol vapor treatment was sufficient to recover the original gas permeability, reaching a CO permeability>7000 barrer.

关键词： polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) PIM-1 physical aging gas separation vapor-phase regeneration

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Photothermal materials for efficient solar powered steam generation

Fenghua Liu, Yijian Lai, Binyuan Zhao, Robert Bradley, Weiping Wu

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 636-653 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1824-1

摘要： Solar powered steam generation is an emerging area in the field of energy harvest and sustainable technologies. The nano-structured photothermal materials are able to harvest energy from the full solar spectrum and convert it to heat with high efficiency. Moreover, the materials and structures for heat management as well as the mass transportation are also brought to the forefront. Several groups have reported their materials and structures as solutions for high performance devices, a few creatively coupled other physical fields with solar energy to achieve even better results. This paper provides a systematic review on the recent developments in photothermal nanomaterial discovery, material selection, structural design and mass/heat management, as well as their applications in seawater desalination and fresh water production from waste water with free solar energy. It also discusses current technical challenges and likely future developments. This article will help to stimulate novel ideas and new designs for the photothermal materials, towards efficient, low cost practical solar-driven clean water production.

关键词： solar stream generation plasmonics porous carbon photothermal materials solar energy conversion efficiency water vapor generation rate

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风云三号A星微波湿度计数据处理与应用

何杰颖,张升伟

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第10期页码 47-53

摘要：

主要介绍了风云三号A星（FY-3A）有效载荷之一——微波湿度计的结构、运行状态以及数据接收和数据处理的具体形式。利用神经网络算法建立反演模型，并与国外已经业务运行的先进微波探测单元B型（AMSU-B）比较，性能相当。反演北京地区2008年7—12月相对湿度和水汽密度廓线，对比探空数据，分析反演均方差。同时，分析了台风到来时不同通道的亮温显示结果，从而证明：风云三号微波湿度计不仅能全球范围内探测大气水汽等相关信息，同样在台风、热带气旋的检测和判断未来的走势中也发挥了重要作用。

关键词：微波湿度计风云三号A星神经网络算法水汽密度

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Environmental and economic assessment of vegetable oil production using membrane separation and vapor

Weibin Kong, Qi Miao, Peiyong Qin, Jan Baeyens, Tianwei Tan

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 166-176 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1616-4

摘要： Solvent extraction of crude oil from oilseeds is widely applied for its high production capacity and low cost. In this process, solvent recovery and tail gas treatment are usually performed by adsorption, paraffin scrubbing, or even cryogenics (at low tail gas flow rates). Membrane separation, which has a lower energy consumption than these techniques, spans a broad range of admissible concentrations and flow rates, and is moreover easily combined with other techniques. Vapor recompression has potentials to reduce the heat loss in association with distillation and evaporation. In this study, we proved the possibility of combining membrane separation and vapor recompression to improve the conventional vegetable oil production, by both experiments and process simulation. Nearly 73% of energy can be saved in the process of vegetable oil extraction by the novel processing approach. By further environmental assessment, several impact categories show that the optimized process is environmentally sustainable.

关键词： vegetable oil solvent-extraction membrane separation vapor recompression environmental and economic assessment

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Mercury source zone identification using soil vapor sampling and analysis

David WATSON,Carrie MILLER,Brian LESTER,Kenneth LOWE,George SOUTHWORTH,Mary Anna BOGLE,Liyuan LIANG,Eric PIERCE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第4期页码 596-604 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0709-2

摘要： Development and demonstration of reliable measurement techniques that can detect and help quantify the nature and extent of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the subsurface are needed to reduce uncertainties in the decision-making process and increase the effectiveness of remedial actions. We conducted field tests at the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, to determine if sampling and analysis of Hg(0) vapors in the shallow subsurface (<0.3 m depth) can be used to as an indicator of the location and extent of Hg(0) releases in the subsurface. We constructed a rigid polyvinyl chloride push probe assembly, which was driven into the ground. Soil gas samples were collected through a sealed inner tube of the assembly and were analyzed immediately in the field with a Lumex and/or Jerome Hg(0) analyzer. Time-series sampling showed that Hg vapor concentrations were fairly stable over time, suggesting that the vapor phase Hg(0) was not being depleted and that sampling results were not sensitive to the soil gas purge volume. Hg(0) vapor data collected at over 200 push probe locations at 3 different release sites correlated very well to areas of known Hg(0) contamination. Vertical profiling of Hg(0) vapor concentrations conducted at two locations provided information on the vertical distribution of Hg(0) contamination in the subsurface. We conclude from our studies that soil gas sampling and analysis can be conducted rapidly and inexpensively at large scales to help identify areas contaminated with Hg(0).

关键词： push probe spill characterization mapping gas

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catalyst for the selective hydroamination of cyclohexene with cyclohexylamine to dicyclohexylamine in the vapor

Jingbin Wen, Kuiyi You, Minjuan Chen, Jian Jian, Fangfang Zhao, Pingle Liu, Qiuhong Ai, He’an Luo

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期页码 654-665 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-1973-2

摘要： In this work, a new mesoporous silicon sulfonic acid catalyst derived from silicic acid has been successfully prepared by the chemical bonding method. The physicochemical properties of mesoporous silicon sulfonic acid catalysts have been systematically characterized using various techniques. The results demonstrate that sulfonic acid groups have been grafted on silicic acid by forming a new chemical bond (Si–O–S). The mesoporous silicon sulfonic acid exhibits excellent catalytic performance and stability in the vapor phase hydroamination reaction of cyclohexene with cyclohexylamine. Cyclohexene conversion of 61% and 97% selectivity to dicyclohexylamine was maintained after running the reaction for over 350 h at 280 °C. The developed mesoporous silicon sulfonic acid catalyst shows advantages of low cost, superior acid site accessibility, and long term reactivity stability. Moreover, a possible catalytic hydroamination reaction mechanism over silicon sulfonic acid was suggested. It has been demonstrated that the sulfonic acid groups of the catalyst play an important role in the hydroamination. The present work provides a simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for the hydroamination of cyclohexene to valuable dicyclohexylamine, which also shows important industrial application prospects.

关键词： mesoporous silicon sulfonic acid catalytic hydroamination cyclohexene dicyclohexylamine vapor phase

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A novel cryogenic insulation system of hollow glass microspheres and self-evaporation vapor-cooled shield

Jianpeng ZHENG, Liubiao CHEN, Ping WANG, Jingjie ZHANG, Junjie WANG, Yuan ZHOU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第3期页码 570-577 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0642-y

摘要： Liquid hydrogen (LH ) attracts widespread attention because of its highest energy storage density. However, evaporation loss is a serious problem in LH storage due to the low boiling point (20 K). Efficient insulation technology is an important issue in the study of LH storage. Hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) is a potential promising thermal insulation material because of its low apparent thermal conductivity, fast installation (Compared with multi-layer insulation, it can be injected in a short time.), and easy maintenance. A novel cryogenic insulation system consisting of HGMs and a self-evaporating vapor-cooled shield (VCS) is proposed for storage of LH . A thermodynamic model has been established to analyze the coupled heat transfer characteristics of HGMs and VCS in the composite insulation system. The results show that the combination of HGMs and VCS can effectively reduce heat flux into the LH tank. With the increase of VCS number from 1 to 3, the minimum heat flux through HGMs decreases by 57.36%, 65.29%, and 68.21%, respectively. Another significant advantage of HGMs is that their thermal insulation properties are not sensitive to ambient vacuum change. When ambient vacuum rises from 10 Pa to 1 Pa, the heat flux into the LH tank increases by approximately 20%. When the vacuum rises from 10 Pa to 100 Pa, the combination of VCS and HGMs reduces the heat flux into the tank by 58.08%–69.84% compared with pure HGMs.

关键词： liquid hydrogen storage hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) self-evaporation vapor-cooled shield (VCS) thermodynamic optimization

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无溶剂气相制备用于可持续分离过程的膜材料 Perspective

赵俊杰, Karen K. Gleason

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第12期页码 1432-1442 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.05.002

摘要：

可用于水净化、碳捕集、生物燃料生产、燃料电池运行以及节能工业分离操作的可持续化工过程亟待发展下一代膜材料。膜的无溶剂制备不仅消除了有机溶剂的潜在环境问题，而且解决了脆弱聚合物基材的膨胀问题。此外，采用无溶剂气相沉积方法可以减少合成微孔材料[如金属有机骨架（MOF）]所需的活化步骤。本文综述了几种真空沉积工艺，包括引发式化学气相沉积（iCVD）、引发式等离子体增强化学气相沉积（iPECVD）、无溶剂气相沉积原位聚合（SLIP）、原子层沉积（ALD）和分子层沉积（MLD）。这些无溶剂气相沉积方法在制备薄膜复合膜结构中的超薄选择层方面极具优势，而且能够保形地修饰纳米级孔道并精确调节孔径和孔内官能团。所制备的膜在气体分离、纳滤、海水淡化和水/油分离等方面表现出颇具应用潜力的性能。因此，开发新型膜材料、放大可用于无溶剂气相沉积的高通量反应器将对化学工业产生巨大影响。

关键词：膜分离化学气相沉积原子层沉积分子层沉积薄膜金属有机骨架聚合物先进制造